This study will evaluate the concurrent validity of a PDMP-based opioid risk metric as a clinical measure of high risk opioid use and establish clinically useful risk-level thresholds relative to the widely validated gold standard of the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (WHO ASSIST). This study is a one group, cross-sectional, health assessment study. Participants who enroll in the study will complete on-line surveys at a single time point. Approximately 1,523 patients will be recruited from approximately 15 community community pharmacies. Trained pharmacy staff will inform potentially eligible participants, or individuals receiving at least one prescription(s) for potentially eligible participants, of the survey opportunity. Patients recruited will complete validated measures to assess opioid use and risk behaviors, substance use, and physical and mental health. A series of a priori analyses will be conducted to evaluate the validity of the PDMP-based opioid risk metric relative to the widely validated gold standard WHO ASSIST and to identify cutoff thresholds. Correlational, regression, and Cohen's Kappa statistical analyses will also be conducted to evaluate the relationship between the risk metric and the WHO ASSIST.

The overall objective of this study is to explore the feasibility of transitioning the care of adult patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) who receive office-based buprenorphine treatment (OBBT) from physicians to pharmacists. Physicians will induce buprenorphine treatment and complete the stabilization phase before referring patients to pharmacists for the management of monthly maintenance visits. This study will assess the feasibility and acceptability of a collaborative care model between physician and pharmacist by measuring recruitment rate, treatment retention rate, treatment compliance rate, and participants' substance use. Other assessments measured will include treatment fidelity, participant, physician, and pharmacist satisfaction with OUD care, participant safety, and the pharmacists' use of electronic health records and the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program.