A self-reported use of health care services, consisting of 18 items and subscales according to the type of health care visit: Emergency room, Inpatient, Nursing home, Day Hospital, Clinic, Doctor’s Office, Mental Health Care, Residential treatment for substance use, Outpatient Treatment for substance use, Self help support group, Dental Care, Formal home care, or Case Management (HIV/AIDS Treatment Adherence, Health Outcomes and Cost Study Group, 2004).

An 12-item assessment of the tendency to distrust mainstream health care professionals and health care systems, with responses on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree) (Thompson, Vladimarsdottir, Winkel, Jandorf, & Redd, 2004).

A 5-item measure adapted from STaT (Slapped, Threatened, and Throw), an instrument that was developed to succinctly screen for lifetime IPV in a clinical setting and was previously validated in urban emergency departments (Paranjape, Rask, & Liebschutz, 2006; Paranjape, & Liebschutz, 2003).

A cross-cultural screening test to detect HIV dementia within the international community,  consisting of three subtests: timed fingertapping, timed alternating hand sequence test, and recall of four items at 2 min (Sacktor et al., 2005).

An assessment using 9 specific questions about worry and availability of and accessibility to
foods for the household during the previous 30 days, that have been used in several countries and appear to distinguish food-insecure from food-secure households across different cultural contexts (Coates, Swindale, & Bilinsky, 2007).

A 12-item scale (Johnson et al., 2007) of patient confidence to carry out important treatment-related behaviors related to adhering to treatment plans, including medication regimen adherence and following plans for nutrition, exercise, etc, in the face of barriers. Reponses range from 1 (cannot do it at all) to 10 (certain can do it).

Blood sample assessment of HIV viral load.

A questionnaire measuring anti-retroviral adherence, including items measuring adherence to medications yesterday, 2, 3, and 4 days ago, adherence to schedule during the last weekend and when any medication was last skipped. The questionnaire’s responses are weighted to calculate an adherence level from 0-100 (Reynolds et al., 2007).