The Young Adult Self Report questionnaire has been widely used with young adults. The YASR is used with young adults aged 18-30; it measures both competencies and internalizing and externalizing problems among individuals in their specified age groups. They are easy to administer, well accepted, and supported by an enormous body of research demonstrating validity and reliability. Problem scales include scores for withdrawal, somatic complaints, anxiety and depression, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, delinquent behavior, aggressive behavior, self-destructive behavior, and total problem behaviors. It takes about 40 minutes. This instrument is copyrighted and a use license has been obtained for this study.

The WRAT-3 assesses academic achievement and functioning (i.e., assigns grade level for reading, arithmetic and spelling; Wilkinson, 1993). The WRAT has excellent reliability and validity and is frequently used both for clinical/educational as well as research purposes to measure academic achievement.

The original 100-item WHOQOL allows for a detailed assessment of individual facets relating to quality of life, but may be too lengthy for some uses, such as large epidemiological studies where quality of life is only one amongst many variables of interest. The WHOQOL-BREF comprises 26 items measuring the following broad domains: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment.

The WST is a modified version of the Minnesota Withdrawal Scale [Hughes et al, 1991; Hatsukami et al, 1997; Hughes and Hatsukami, 1986]. The WST is a self-report questionnaire which asks participants to rate 9 items of withdrawal on a scale from 0=None to 4=Severe. A total score is then computed from the responses to these 9 items. In addition, the 9 items are also examined separately.

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST; Grant and Berg, 1948) is a neuropsychological test of the ability to display flexibility in the face of changing schedules of reinforcement. It requires subjects to find the correct classification principle, by trial and error and examiner feedback, of geometric figures that vary by color, form, or number.

The Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS; Ward, Wender, Reimherr, 1993) is a 61-item assessment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, in which the adult patient recalls his or her childhood behavior. Items fall into three factors: dysthymia, oppositional/defiant behavior, and school (work) problems.

Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR; Wechsler 2001). The WTAR has been established to be a reliable and valid assessment of pre-morbid intelligence. It has been normed with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) and the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-III). During the test, participants are asked to read 50 words out loud and are scored on the accuracy of their pronunciation.

The VS Pretreatment is an interviewer-administered measure of the participant’s vocational history and related life experiences. It was developed specifically for this study. Pre-treatment items focus on employment history, previous job satisfaction, attitudes and response to unemployment (e.g., depression), self efficacy expectations for specific job skills, as well as financial and social support systems. In addition, the VSPJ module collects more detailed information about the participant’s longest job as well as any jobs he/she has held in the 4 weeks prior to baseline assessment. We estimate the VSP (including the VSPJ) will require on average, approximately 15 minutes to administer, but the time will vary based upon the length and depth of a person’s work history. VS Job Addendum

The Visual Analog or Analogue Scale (VAS) is designed to present to the respondent a rating scale with minimum constraints. Respondents mark the location on the 10-centimeter line corresponding to the amount of pain they experienced. This gives them the greatest freedom to choose their pain's exact intensity. It also gives the maximum opportunity for each respondent to express a personal response style. VAS data of this type is recorded as the number of millimeters from the left of the line with the range 0-100. The scales consist of 100-point lines anchored with “not at all” on one end and “extremely” on the other. Participants will report at each clinic visit the extent to which they felt any craving for opiates, the severity of their withdrawal symptoms, and the extent to which the study medication has helped to ease the cravings (if applicable). On induction day this measure is to be completed pre dose (screening VAS) and post dose for the induction day VAS.