The WRAT-3 assesses academic achievement and functioning (i.e., assigns grade level for reading, arithmetic and spelling; Wilkinson, 1993). The WRAT has excellent reliability and validity and is frequently used both for clinical/educational as well as research purposes to measure academic achievement.

The original 100-item WHOQOL allows for a detailed assessment of individual facets relating to quality of life, but may be too lengthy for some uses, such as large epidemiological studies where quality of life is only one amongst many variables of interest. The WHOQOL-BREF comprises 26 items measuring the following broad domains: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment.

The WST is a modified version of the Minnesota Withdrawal Scale [Hughes et al, 1991; Hatsukami et al, 1997; Hughes and Hatsukami, 1986]. The WST is a self-report questionnaire which asks participants to rate 9 items of withdrawal on a scale from 0=None to 4=Severe. A total score is then computed from the responses to these 9 items. In addition, the 9 items are also examined separately.

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST; Grant and Berg, 1948) is a neuropsychological test of the ability to display flexibility in the face of changing schedules of reinforcement. It requires subjects to find the correct classification principle, by trial and error and examiner feedback, of geometric figures that vary by color, form, or number.

The Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS; Ward, Wender, Reimherr, 1993) is a 61-item assessment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, in which the adult patient recalls his or her childhood behavior. Items fall into three factors: dysthymia, oppositional/defiant behavior, and school (work) problems.

Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR; Wechsler 2001). The WTAR has been established to be a reliable and valid assessment of pre-morbid intelligence. It has been normed with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) and the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-III). During the test, participants are asked to read 50 words out loud and are scored on the accuracy of their pronunciation.

The VS Pretreatment is an interviewer-administered measure of the participant’s vocational history and related life experiences. It was developed specifically for this study. Pre-treatment items focus on employment history, previous job satisfaction, attitudes and response to unemployment (e.g., depression), self efficacy expectations for specific job skills, as well as financial and social support systems. In addition, the VSPJ module collects more detailed information about the participant’s longest job as well as any jobs he/she has held in the 4 weeks prior to baseline assessment. We estimate the VSP (including the VSPJ) will require on average, approximately 15 minutes to administer, but the time will vary based upon the length and depth of a person’s work history. VS Job Addendum

The Visual Analog or Analogue Scale (VAS) is designed to present to the respondent a rating scale with minimum constraints. Respondents mark the location on the 10-centimeter line corresponding to the amount of pain they experienced. This gives them the greatest freedom to choose their pain's exact intensity. It also gives the maximum opportunity for each respondent to express a personal response style. VAS data of this type is recorded as the number of millimeters from the left of the line with the range 0-100. The scales consist of 100-point lines anchored with “not at all” on one end and “extremely” on the other. Participants will report at each clinic visit the extent to which they felt any craving for opiates, the severity of their withdrawal symptoms, and the extent to which the study medication has helped to ease the cravings (if applicable). On induction day this measure is to be completed pre dose (screening VAS) and post dose for the induction day VAS.

The Q-sort is a 56- item questionnaire developed in a collaboration the LI team and the University of Arizona team which is part of the San Francisco-Arizona Node. Therapists will be asked to sort 56 statements of opinion concerning the nature and treatment of adolescent drug abuse (each typed on a separate card) into eight different categories ranging from "least agree: (category 1) to "most agree" (category 8). This measure will be administered during the therapists selection process, prior randomization to BSFT or TAU. For BSFT therapists only the VADAQ will be administered again the first time the therapists submit a tape for certification in BSFT. Three times during the course of their BSFT training, therapists will complete a case formulation exercise in which they respond orally to one written clinical vignette depicting a family with adolescents who use illicit drugs. For each vignette, respondents will be asked (a) "What do you see happening in this family, and why does the youth use drugs?"; (b) "What additional information would you want in order to assess this family?"; and, (c) "What would you propose as a preliminary treatment plan?". Therapists' open-ended responses to these questions will be individually (privately) audio taped. This qualitative information will be used by trainers to gauge how training is progressing. This also allows the trainer to better tailor the training to each therapist’s progress.