This was a randomized, controlled trial that enrolled 1285 participants who were identified with problematic substance use during an ED visit. Participants were randomized to one of three treatment arms: 1) minimal screening only (MSO), 2) screening, assessment, and referral to treatment (SAR), and 3) screening, assessment, and referral plus a brief intervention (BI) with two telephone follow-up booster sessions (BI-B). Follow-up assessments of all three groups were conducted at 3, 6, and 12 months post-randomization. The primary aim of the study was to compare the days of use of the patient-defined primary problem drug, assessed by the Time-Line Follow-Back, for the 30-day period preceding the 3-month follow-up between the three treatment arms. The study also evaluated a number of secondary outcome measures.

Drug treatment, itself, can have a powerful positive effect on HIV drug use risk behavior, especially needle use behaviors. However, sexual risk behavior has received less attention and has been shown to be more difficult to change. Research suggests that skills-based HIV risk reduction interventions with peer group discussion and single sex sessions can reduce risky sexual behavior. This study evaluates a five-session HIV risk reduction group therapy designed specifically for heterosexual men. This therapy is compared to one session of HIV education, which is typically provided as standard care in drug treatment clinics. The researchers hypothesize that men in the gender-specific therapy group will report less risky sexual behavior than men in standard therapy. They are also expected to have a more positive attitude towards condom use, be more likely to have condoms, be more likely to have taken condoms from clinic.

The primary objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of bupropion in reducing methamphetamine use in subjects with methamphetamine dependence who report using methamphetamine 29 or less days during the 30 day prior to signing consent. It is hypothesized that bupropion, compared to placebo, will be associated with an increase in the proportion of subjects who achieve abstinence (confirmed by at least two methamphetamine negative urines) each week during the last two weeks (Weeks 11 and 12) for non-daily users as the primary outcome.

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of modafinil relative to placebo in increasing the weekly mean proportion of cocaine non-use days over the treatment period as determined by self-report of cocaine use confirmed with urine assays for BE.

The primary objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of reserpine in reducing cocaine use in subjects with cocaine dependence (DSM-IV criteria). The hypothesis is that reserpine will increase the weekly mean proportion of cocaine non-use days over the treatment period when compared to placebo as determined by self-report of cocaine use confirmed with urine assays for BE.

This was a randomized, controlled pilot trial in which 62 inpatient/residential participants were recruited from six sites to participate in a study comparing buspirone to placebo. The purpose of this study was to evaluate buspirone's efficacy, relative to placebo, in blocking reinstatement of cocaine use as assessed by the maximum days of continuous cocaine abstinence, as assessed by twice-weekly UDS and self-report, during study weeks 4-15. The study also evaluated the impact of buspirone, relative to placebo, on other drug-abuse outcomes and on factors that may mediate buspirone’s efficacy as a relapse-prevention treatment.

This was a randomized, controlled trial that enrolled 302 cocaine-dependent participants who had either past-year opioid dependence or past-year opioid abuse or past-year opioid use with a history of opioid dependence during the lifetime. Participants were randomized to one of three treatment arms: 1) placebo plus naltrexone, 2) 4mg buprenorphine plus naltrexone, and 3) 16mg buprenorphine plus naltrexone. Participants received 8 weeks of pharmacotherapy, with thrice weekly clinic visits. The primary aim of the study was to compare the number of cocaine use days during the 30-day evaluation period (the final 30 days of active medication administration prior to taper; days 25-54) amongst the treatment groups. The study also evaluated a number of secondary outcome measures.

This was a randomized, controlled trial in which 538 participants were recruited from 12 sites to participate in a study comparing treatment as usual plus smoking-cessation (TAU+SCT) to substance abuse treatment as usual alone (TAU). The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether concurrent smoking-cessation treatment improves, worsens, or has no effect on stimulant-use outcomes in smokers who are in outpatient substance-abuse treatment for cocaine or methamphetamine dependence. The study also evaluated: 1. the impact of TAU+SCT, relative to TAU, on other drug-abuse outcomes; 2. the efficacy of TAU+SCT, relative to TAU, in improving smoking outcomes; and 3. whether achieving complete smoking abstinence is associated with improved stimulant use outcomes.

This was a randomized, controlled trial in which 507 participants in outpatient treatment for substance use disorders were recruited from ten sites to participate in a study comparing 1) treatment as usual (TAU) to 2) a modification of TAU, which included access to the Therapeutic Education System (TES), a computerized psychosocial intervention which combines skill building modules based on the Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA) with incentives contingent upon abstinence from drugs and completion of TES modules. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative effectiveness of the interventions on the primary outcomes of a) drug abstinence during active treatment and b) treatment retention. The study also evaluated a number of secondary outcome measures.

This was a randomized, controlled trial that enrolled 302 participants diagnosed with stimulant abuse or dependence that began substance use treatment in a residential setting. Participants were randomized to one of two treatment arms: 1) usual care augmented with Vigorous Intensity High Dose Exercise (VIHD) and 2) usual care augmented with Health Education Intervention (HEI). Participants received three months of acute phase intervention followed by an additional six months of intervention with less frequent supervision. The primary aim of the study was to compare percent days of abstinence between the VIHD and HEI groups based on stimulant use during the 12-week acute phase. The study also evaluated a number of secondary outcome measures.